Perhaps everything we think, feel, and do is determined, and
humans — like stones or clouds — are slaves to the laws of nature. Would
that be a terrible state? Philosophers who take the incompatibilist
position think so, arguing that a deterministic world would be one
without moral responsibility and perhaps without true love, meaningful
art, and real rationality. But compatibilists and semicompatibilists
argue that determinism need not worry us. As long as our actions stem,
in an appropriate way, from us, or respond in some way to reasons, our
actions are meaningful and can be judged on their moral (or other)
merit. In this highly original work, Nomy Arpaly argues that a
deterministic world does not preclude moral responsibility,
rationality, and love — in short, meaningful lives — but that there would
still be something lamentable about a deterministic world. A person may
respond well to reasons, and her actions may faithfully reflect her
true self or values, but she may still feel that she is not free.
Arpaly argues that compatibilists and semicompatibilists are wrong to
dismiss this feeling — for which there are no philosophical
consolations — as philosophically irrelevant. On the way to this
bittersweet conclusion, Arpaly sets forth surprising theories about
acting for reasons, the widely accepted idea that "ought implies can,"
moral blame, and more.